紫銅棒
1、介紹(shao)
紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)棒因(yin)呈紫(zi)紅色而得名。它不(bu)一定是純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，有時還加(jia)入(ru)(ru)少量(liang)脫氧元(yuan)素或其他元(yuan)素以改善材質(zhi)和(he)性能,因(yin)此也歸入(ru)(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金。中國(guo)紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)工材按(an)成(cheng)分(fen)可分(fen)為：普(pu)通紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（TU1、TU2和(he)高純(chun)、真空無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、脫氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加(jia)少量(liang)合金元(yuan)素的(de)特種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（砷銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、碲(di)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、銀銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）四類。紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)電導率和(he)熱導率僅次于(yu)銀，廣泛用于(yu)制作導電、導熱器材。紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在大氣、海(hai)水和(he)某(mou)些(xie)非氧化性酸(suan)(suan)（鹽酸(suan)(suan)、稀硫酸(suan)(suan)）、堿(jian)、鹽溶液及多種有機酸(suan)(suan)（醋酸(suan)(suan)、檸檬(meng)酸(suan)(suan)）中有良好的(de)耐蝕性，用于(yu)化學工業。
有良好的導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)熱、耐蝕和(he)(he)(he)加工(gong)性能,可以焊接和(he)(he)(he)釬焊。含降低(di)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)熱性雜質較(jiao)少,微量的氧對(dui)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)熱和(he)(he)(he)加工(gong)等性能影響不大，但易引起“氫病”，不宜在高溫（如>370℃）還原性氣氛中(zhong)加工(gong)（退火、焊接等）和(he)(he)(he)使(shi)用(yong)。
2、用途
紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)棒的(de)用(yong)途比純(chun)(chun)鐵廣泛得多，每年有50%的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)被電解(jie)(jie)提(ti)純(chun)(chun)為(wei)純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，用(yong)于電氣(qi)工業。這(zhe)里所說(shuo)的(de)紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，確實要非常純(chun)(chun)，含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)達99.95%以上才行，極(ji)少量的(de)雜質，特別是(shi)磷、砷、鋁等，會大大降低銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)導電率(lv)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中含氧(煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)容易混入少量氧)對導電率(lv)影響很大，用(yong)于電氣(qi)工業的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)般都(dou)必(bi)須是(shi)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。另外，鉛(qian)、銻、鉍等雜質會使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)結晶不能結合(he)在(zai)一(yi)起，造成熱脆，也會影響純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)加(jia)工。這(zhe)種純(chun)(chun)度很高的(de)純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，一(yi)般用(yong)電解(jie)(jie)法精制(zhi)：把不純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(即粗銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong))作陽極(ji)，純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作陰極(ji)，以硫酸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)溶液為(wei)電解(jie)(jie)液。當電流通過后，陽極(ji)上不純(chun)(chun)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)逐漸(jian)熔(rong)解(jie)(jie)，純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)便逐漸(jian)沉(chen)淀在(zai)陰極(ji)上。這(zhe)樣精制(zhi)而得的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong);純(chun)(chun)度可達99.99%。
紫銅(tong)是比較純凈(jing)的(de)一(yi)(yi)種銅(tong)，一(yi)(yi)般可近似認為是純銅(tong)，導(dao)電性(xing)、塑性(xing)都較好(hao)，但強度(du)、硬(ying)度(du)較差一(yi)(yi)些。
3、特性
特(te)性(xing)：高純度(du)，組織細密，含(han)氧量極(ji)低。無氣(qi)孔、沙(sha)眼、疏松，導電性(xing)能極(ji)佳，電蝕(shi)出的(de)模具表(biao)面精度(du)高，經(jing)熱(re)處(chu)理工藝(yi)，電極(ji)無方向性(xing)，適合精打，細打，具有良好的(de)熱(re)電道性(xing)、加工性(xing)、延展性(xing)、防蝕(shi)性(xing)及耐候性(xing)等。
4、紫銅牌號(hao)對照表(biao)
紫(zi)銅牌號對照(zhao)表
名 稱 中國(guo)牌(pai)(pai)號 日本(ben)牌(pai)(pai)號 德國(guo)牌(pai)(pai)號 美(mei)國(guo)牌(pai)(pai)號 英國(guo)
零號無氧銅(tong) TU0 C1011 -- C10100 C110
一號(hao)無氧銅 TU1 C1020 OF-Cu C10200 C103
二號無氧(yang)銅 TU2 C1020 OF-Cu C10200 C103
一號銅 T1 C1020 OF-Cu C10200 C103
二號銅 T2 C1100 SE-Cu C11000 C101
三號(hao)銅 T3 C1221 -- -- --
一號(hao)磷脫氧(yang)銅 TP1 C1201 SW-Cu C12000 --
二(er)號磷脫氧銅 TP2 C1220 SF-Cu C12000
5、最常用的紫銅
T2紫銅(tong)
標準：(GB/T5231-2001)
特性及(ji)適(shi)用范圍
有良(liang)好的(de)導(dao)(dao)電.導(dao)(dao)熱.耐(nai)蝕和(he)加工(gong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，可(ke)以焊(han)(han)接和(he)纖焊(han)(han)。含降低導(dao)(dao)電.導(dao)(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)的(de)雜質(zhi)較少，微量的(de)氧對導(dao)(dao)電.導(dao)(dao)熱和(he)加工(gong)等(deng)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)影響不大，但(dan)易引起“氫病”，不宜在高溫（如>370°）還原性(xing)(xing)氣(qi)氛中加工(gong)（退火.焊(han)(han)接等(deng)）和(he)使用
化學成分
Cu+Ag: 99.90
Bi: 0.001
Sb: 0.002
As: 0.002
力學(xue)性能
抗拉強(qiang)度：(Rm/MPa)≥295
洛氏(shi)硬度：（HRF)≥65
伸(shen)長率：（%）≥3
6、紫銅棒切斷(duan)方法
要正常加工采取的相應措檀越要有：
（1）不能使用已經用過較長時間的乳化液，盡量使用新乳化液。并且最好采用佳潤－3、佳潤－4、南光-I工作液。由于銅材料粘，舊乳化液中的雜質較難沖掉，還會使紫銅加萬里鴻金屬導電機能受到影響。使用新乳化液就能避免以上現象的發生。并且上述推薦的工作液因為電解性較好，切縫較寬，可以改善切縫中的排屑狀況。同時采用較高的走絲速度有利排屑。
（2）消除電流短路現象，當紫銅夾雜物泛起在切割線路中時，加工電流不亂性就會受到影響，使短路現象常常發生，如不準確處理會斷絲。采用大電流大脈寬加工的方法，使功率增強。靠脈沖的能量擊穿比較小的夾雜物，可使加工正常進行。此時,應特別留意脈間也要增大,使停歇時間增長。同時大脈寬可保證放電能量不會因紫銅的良好傳熱性而會損耗掉。
（3）留意裝卡方向。應該把切割路線最短的一面裝卡在第三向限，也就是X負方向，使鉬絲盡量少走X負方向，這樣可以減少斷絲幾率。
（4）休止工作時，用煤油把絲筒上的絲清洗一遍，使反沾在鉬絲上紫銅沫大量減少，等下次開機繼承使用時，效果就會更好。
（1）不能使用已經用過較長時間的乳化液，盡量使用新乳化液。并且最好采用佳潤－3、佳潤－4、南光-I工作液。由于銅材料粘，舊乳化液中的雜質較難沖掉，還會使紫銅加萬里鴻金屬導電機能受到影響。使用新乳化液就能避免以上現象的發生。并且上述推薦的工作液因為電解性較好，切縫較寬，可以改善切縫中的排屑狀況。同時采用較高的走絲速度有利排屑。
（2）消除電流短路現象，當紫銅夾雜物泛起在切割線路中時，加工電流不亂性就會受到影響，使短路現象常常發生，如不準確處理會斷絲。采用大電流大脈寬加工的方法，使功率增強。靠脈沖的能量擊穿比較小的夾雜物，可使加工正常進行。此時,應特別留意脈間也要增大,使停歇時間增長。同時大脈寬可保證放電能量不會因紫銅的良好傳熱性而會損耗掉。
（3）留意裝卡方向。應該把切割路線最短的一面裝卡在第三向限，也就是X負方向，使鉬絲盡量少走X負方向，這樣可以減少斷絲幾率。
（4）休止工作時，用煤油把絲筒上的絲清洗一遍，使反沾在鉬絲上紫銅沫大量減少，等下次開機繼承使用時，效果就會更好。