1、簡介
鎢銅合金有(you)較廣泛的用(yong)(yong)途,主要是(shi)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)制造抗(kang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧燒蝕的高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)器開關(guan)的觸頭和(he)火箭噴管喉襯、尾(wei)舵等高(gao)溫(wen)構(gou)件,也用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)工(gong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)極、高(gao)溫(wen)模(mo)具(ju)以及其(qi)他要求導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)熱性(xing)能和(he)高(gao)溫(wen)使用(yong)(yong)的場合。
鎢銅選用精(jing)細鎢、銅粉末,經一(yi)流浸透燒(shao)結工藝精(jing)制而成,可承受近2000度高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫和(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)應力,具有高(gao)(gao)(gao)熔點、高(gao)(gao)(gao)硬度、抗(kang)燒(shao)損和(he)良好抗(kang)粘附性(xing),電(dian)蝕產品表面光潔(jie)度高(gao)(gao)(gao),精(jing)度極高(gao)(gao)(gao),損耗(hao)低(di)。
鎢銅廣泛用(yong)作高壓,超液壓開關和(he)斷(duan)路器(qi)的觸頭,保護(hu)環(huan),用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)熱(re)墩(dun)粗(cu)砧(zhen)塊材料(liao),自動埋(mai)弧(hu)焊(han)導電(dian)(dian)咀,等(deng)離子切割(ge)機噴嘴,電(dian)(dian)焊(han)機,對焊(han)機的焊(han)頭,滾焊(han)輪(lun),封氣卯電(dian)(dian)極(ji)和(he)點火花(hua)電(dian)(dian)極(ji),點焊(han),碰焊(han)材料(liao)等(deng)。
2、物(wu)理性能
鎢銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)綜合(he)了(le)金(jin)屬(shu)鎢和(he)銅(tong)(tong)的優點,其中鎢熔(rong)(rong)點高(gao)(鎢熔(rong)(rong)點為(wei)3410℃,銅(tong)(tong)的熔(rong)(rong)點1080℃),密度大(鎢密度為(wei)19.25g/cm,銅(tong)(tong)的密度為(wei)8.92/cm3) ;銅(tong)(tong)導(dao)(dao)電導(dao)(dao)熱性(xing)能(neng)優越(yue),鎢銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)(成分一般范圍為(wei)WCu7~WCu50)微觀組織(zhi)均勻、耐高(gao)溫、強度高(gao)、耐電弧燒蝕、密度大;導(dao)(dao)電、導(dao)(dao)熱性(xing)能(neng)適中,廣泛應用(yong)于軍用(yong)耐高(gao)溫材料、高(gao)壓開關用(yong)電工(gong)合(he)金(jin)、電加工(gong)電極(ji)、微電子材料,做為(wei)零部件(jian)和(he)元器件(jian)廣泛應用(yong)于航天(tian)、航空(kong)、電子、電力、冶金(jin)、機械(xie)、體育(yu)器材等行業。
性(xing)能(neng) | 密度g/cm | 熱膨脹(zhang)系(xi)數10-6/℃ | 熱導率w/(m·k) | 熱容(rong)J/(kg·℃) | 彈(dan)性模量GPa | 泊松(song)密(mi)度 | 熔(rong)點℃ | 強度MPa |
鎢 | 19. 25 | 4. 5 | 174 | 136 | 411 | 0. 28 | 3410 | 550 |
銅 | 8. 92 | 16. 6 | 403 | 385 | 145 | 0. 34 | 1083 | 120 |
軍用(yong)耐高溫材(cai)料
鎢銅合金在(zai)航(hang)天航(hang)空(kong)中用作(zuo)導彈、火箭發動機的噴管、燃氣舵(duo)、空(kong)氣舵(duo)、鼻錐,主要要求是(shi)要求耐(nai)高溫(wen)(3000K~5000K)、耐(nai)高溫(wen)氣流沖刷能力,主要利用銅在(zai)高溫(wen)下揮發形成的發汗制冷作(zuo)用(銅熔點1083℃),降低鎢銅表面溫(wen)度,保證在(zai)高溫(wen)極端(duan)條件下使用。
牌 號 | 銅(tong) Cu | 鎢 W | 雜質總和 | 密度 g/cm3(20 ℃) | 電導率 %IACS | 溶化溫度 (℃) | 抗(kang)彎強度Mpa | 硬(ying) 度(du) |
CuW70 | 28-32 | 余量 | < 0.5 | 13.8-14 | ≥ 42 | ≥ 700 | ≥ 667 | ≥ 184 |
高溫鎢銅性能
牌號(hao) | 銅含量 | 鎢骨(gu)架 相(xiang)對密(mi)度 | 材(cai)料(liao)密度 g/cm | 相(xiang)對 密度 | 抗拉(la)強度MPa | 斷裂韌性(xing) MPa m | |
室溫(wen) | 800℃ | ||||||
WCu10 | 8~12% | 77~82% | 16.5~17.5 | ≥97 | ≥300 | ≥150 | 15~18 |
WCu7 | 6~9% | 82~86% | 17~18 | ≥97 | ≥300 | ≥150 | 13~15 |
3、特(te)點(dian)
1.電阻焊電極:綜合了鎢和銅的優點,耐高溫、耐電弧燒蝕、強度高、比重大、導電、導熱性好,易于切削加工,并具有發汗冷卻等特性,由于具有鎢的高硬度、高熔點、抗粘附的特點,經常用來做有一定耐磨性、抗高溫的凸焊、對焊電極。
2.電火花電極:針對鎢鋼、耐高溫超硬合金制作的模具需電蝕時,普通電極損耗大,速度慢。而鎢銅高的電腐蝕速度,低的損耗率,精確的電極形狀,優良的加工性能,能保證被加工件的精確度大大提高。
3.高壓放電管電極:高壓真空放電管在工作時,觸頭材料會在零點幾秒的的時間內溫度升高幾千攝氏度。而鎢銅高的抗燒蝕性能、高 韌性,良好的導電、導熱性能給放電管穩定的工作提供必要的條件。
4.電子封裝材料:既有鎢的低膨脹特性,又具有銅的高導熱特性,其熱膨脹系數和導電導熱性可以通過調整材料的成分而加以改變。
4、分類
電工(gong)材料
鎢銅合金電(dian)工材料(liao):主要(yao)分為電(dian)接觸材料(liao)和(he)電(dian)加工材料(liao)。
(1)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接觸(chu)(chu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。這是最(zui)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一類(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工材(cai)料(liao)(liao),它(ta)們具有高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧燒(shao)蝕性(xing)能和抗熔焊性(xing)能,用(yong)于各種高(gao)(gao)、低壓開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)和某些儀表中作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)觸(chu)(chu)點和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)是鎢(wu)(wu)銅材(cai)料(liao)(liao)應(ying)用(yong)量最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一類(lei)(lei),特別是含銅量在20%~40%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鎢(wu)(wu)銅材(cai)料(liao)(liao)應(ying)用(yong)量最(zui)大,主要用(yong)作中、高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和中、大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中,如輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)和其他觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)、觸(chu)(chu)點。含15%~20%Cu的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鎢(wu)(wu)銅觸(chu)(chu)頭(tou)可用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)(gao)達50萬V或更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)上。
(2)電(dian)(dian)加(jia)工材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。指用在電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)焊(han)、電(dian)(dian)鉚接、電(dian)(dian)鐓(dui)鍛、電(dian)(dian)火(huo)花加(jia)工技術中的電(dian)(dian)極和模具(ju)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。電(dian)(dian)火(huo)花加(jia)工要求電(dian)(dian)極或模具(ju)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)具(ju)有較好的導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)和抗電(dian)(dian)弧燒蝕性(xing)(xing),以保證加(jia)工精(jing)度,所以多(duo)采(cai)用鎢(wu)銅材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)焊(han)也多(duo)采(cai)用鎢(wu)銅材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。電(dian)(dian)鉚接和電(dian)(dian)鐓(dui)鍛在某些場合下也采(cai)用鎢(wu)銅材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。
瞬時高溫材料
瞬(shun)時(shi)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)材料(liao)是一(yi)種既重要(yao)又特殊(shu)的(de)(de)鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)銅材料(liao),可在接近(jin)鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)熔點和稍(shao)超過鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)熔點的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)下使(shi)(shi)用(yong),工作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)間很短,幾秒(miao)至200秒(miao)便完成使(shi)(shi)命,所以叫瞬(shun)時(shi)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)材料(liao)。這(zhe)類(lei)材料(liao)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)來(lai)制造航天器的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)部(bu)(bu)件(jian),如(ru)火箭噴(pen)(pen)管(guan)、制導導彈(dan)飛行方(fang)向的(de)(de)燃氣(qi)舵、導彈(dan)端(duan)頭(頭錐、鼻錐)和其他構件(jian)。抗燒蝕性(xing)(xing)和抗熱(re)震性(xing)(xing)是瞬(shun)時(shi)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)材料(liao)的(de)(de)最主(zhu)要(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)能,因為固(gu)體燃料(liao)的(de)(de)燃氣(qi)溫(wen)度(du)一(yi)般高(gao)(gao)達2700~3300℃,燃氣(qi)流中含(han)有大量的(de)(de)固(gu)體粒(li)子(zi),對噴(pen)(pen)管(guan)、燃氣(qi)舵等部(bu)(bu)件(jian)有嚴重的(de)(de)沖刷和燒蝕作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong);而且這(zhe)些部(bu)(bu)件(jian)是在急劇溫(wen)升(sheng)的(de)(de)條件(jian)下(幾秒(miao)鐘升(sheng)至工作(zuo)(zuo)溫(wen)度(du))工作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de),因此對部(bu)(bu)件(jian)產生(sheng)激烈(lie)的(de)(de)熱(re)震破壞(huai)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。對端(duan)頭而言,當飛行器飛入(ru)太空再進入(ru)大氣(qi)層(ceng)時(shi),由(you)于速度(du)快而受到粒(li)子(zi)云的(de)(de)激烈(lie)摩擦產生(sheng)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)和侵(qin)蝕。鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)銅材料(liao)是能夠滿足上述要(yao)求的(de)(de)較(jiao)好材料(liao)。
隨著碳一碳(C—C)纖維復(fu)合(he)材料的(de)研制(zhi)成功和發展,因(yin)它(ta)具(ju)有質(zhi)輕和抗熱震性好的(de)優點,火箭噴管喉襯越來(lai)越多地用(yong)它(ta)來(lai)制(zhi)造。但(dan)其抗燒蝕性遠不如(ru)鎢銅(tong)材料,對那些要求抗燒蝕性高的(de)噴管喉襯、燃氣舵和其他部件仍需用(yong)鎢基(ji)材料制(zhi)造。
破甲材料
鎢銅(tong)材(cai)料可用(yong)作破甲(jia)(jia)(jia)材(cai)料,即一種(zhong)所謂“藥(yao)型(xing)罩(zhao)”材(cai)料。用(yong)鎢銅(tong)材(cai)料(常用(yong)W-30Cu材(cai)料)制(zhi)成(cheng)杯(bei)形或(huo)漏斗形的(de)罩(zhao),倒(dao)裝于彈藥(yao)簡的(de)前(qian)端,靠火藥(yao)的(de)溫度和(he)壓(ya)力使罩(zhao)變形成(cheng)射流而穿甲(jia)(jia)(jia)。這種(zhong)藥(yao)型(xing)罩(zhao)最早用(yong)紫(zi)銅(tong)制(zhi)造,并大量應用(yong)。為了(le)增大罩(zhao)的(de)單位(wei)質量從(cong)而提高(gao)(gao)破甲(jia)(jia)(jia)能力,后(hou)來研制(zhi)單位(wei)質量比紫(zi)銅(tong)大的(de)鎢鍘材(cai)料藥(yao)型(xing)罩(zhao),在理想(xiang)的(de)情況下,它(ta)比紫(zi)銅(tong)罩(zhao)的(de)破甲(jia)(jia)(jia)能力提高(gao)(gao)30%左右。[1]
5、用途
銅(tong)鎢(wu)(wu)合(he)金綜(zong)合(he)銅(tong)和鎢(wu)(wu)的優點,高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)強度(du)(du)/ 高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)比重 /耐(nai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫/ 耐(nai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧燒蝕 / 導電(dian)(dian)(dian)導熱性(xing)能(neng)好(hao) / 加(jia)工(gong)(gong)性(xing)能(neng)好(hao),ANK 鎢(wu)(wu)銅(tong)合(he)金采(cai)用(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)品(pin)質鎢(wu)(wu)粉及無氧(yang)銅(tong)粉,應用(yong)(yong)等靜壓成型 - (高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫燒結) - 滲銅(tong),保證產(chan)品(pin)純度(du)(du)及準確配比,組(zu)織細密,性(xing)能(neng)優異(yi)。本(ben)司銅(tong)鎢(wu)(wu)系國內(nei)優質鎢(wu)(wu)銅(tong)合(he)金材料(liao),極(ji)適合(he)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)硬度(du)(du)材料(liao)及薄片電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)產(chan)品(pin)表(biao)面(mian)光潔度(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),精度(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),損耗低,有效節約電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料(liao)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)速度(du)(du)并改善模(mo)(mo)具精度(du)(du)。另(ling)可用(yong)(yong)作點焊(han) /碰焊(han)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)。鎢(wu)(wu)銅(tong)與模(mo)(mo)具鋼(gang)焊(han)接(jie)成一體,在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的使用(yong)(yong)上非常方便。
銅鎢(wu)合(he)金主要應用于:
1.電極材料:應用于高(gao)硬度材料及(ji)溥(pu)片電極放(fang)電加工,電加工產品表面光潔(jie)度高(gao),精(jing)度高(gao),損耗低,有效(xiao)節(jie)約。
2.觸(chu)點(dian)材料: 高(gao)中壓開關(guan)或斷路器的弧(hu)觸(chu)頭(tou)和真空觸(chu)頭(tou),線(xian)路板焊接(jie)和電(dian)器接(jie)觸(chu)點(dian)。
3.焊接(jie)材料:埋弧焊機(ji),氣體保護焊機(ji)焊咀,無(wu)線電電阻(zu)廠(生產炭膜(mo)電阻(zu),金(jin)屬鍍膜(mo)電阻(zu))電阻(zu)對焊機(ji)碰(peng)焊材料(銅鎢合金(jin)焊接(jie)圓盤) 。
4.導衛材(cai)(cai)料:各種線(xian)材(cai)(cai)軋鋼(gang),用于導向保護作用材(cai)(cai)料。